纳粹主义（德語：Nationalsozialismus，英語：Nazism），譯意是國家社會主義或民族社會主義。指1933年至1945年间统治德国的独裁政治，即“第三帝国”。“纳粹”这个词在德语中的含义並不具有極為明確的意涵，然而，納粹主義意識形態的精神是“屬於一個民族的”、“國家的”、“具有社會主義之精神的”。纳粹主义者通常是民族主义的支持者。然而，在「社會主义」的部份，納粹主義者對其並無絕對之理念與態度。事實上，所謂“納粹主義者”之意識型態並非彼此相同：對於經濟制度的態度，有所謂右翼納粹主義，亦有左翼納粹主義，而左翼納粹主義者在某種意義上亦可算是所謂的“社會主義者”。纳粹主义之國家觀乃主张國家权力之絕對集中化，即极权主义，但其則不完全等同於傳統意義上的法西斯主义。
阿道夫·希特勒乃国家社会主义德国工人党（Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei，或缩写为NSDAP）的领袖。納粹黨執政时期的德国通称为「纳粹德国」、「第三帝國」，而正式國號乃「大德意志帝國」（Großdeutsches Reich）。作為德國於十九世紀末至二十世紀上半葉的政治思潮與運動 ＂Nationaler Sozialismus＂的一環，由於在政治理論辭彙定義上的模糊，纳粹主义有時称为“国家社会主义”或者“民族社會主義”（德语Nationalsozialismus，缩写为Nazi,“纳粹”即为其译音）。纳粹主义的追隨者称为纳粹主义者。目前仍有纳粹主义者即新纳粹在各国活动，否认和淡化大屠杀及其对其他纳粹行径进行宣传，并努力美化纳粹政权的政策和行为，并以极端之民族主义、種族主義为主要宣传内容。
1919年1月5日納粹的前身，德國工人黨正式成立，創立者是安東·德萊克斯勒。 (德文: Deutsche Arbeiterpartei)
纳粹主义并非一个严格定义的意识形态，而是一些政治观点的集合：极端爱国主义、种族主义、优生学、极权主义、反同性恋、反犹太与限制宗教自由。（参见下文核心元素一节）
Terminology
Nazi opinions, an extension of various philosophies, came together at a critical time for Germany; the nation had not only lost 一戰 in 1918年, but had also been forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, an intentionally devastating capitulation, and was in the midst of a period of great economic depression and instability. The Dolchstosslegende, or "stab in the back" legend, held that the war effort was sabotaged internally, suggesting a "lack of patriotism" had led to Germany's defeat (for one, the front line was off of German soil at the time of the armistice). In politics, criticism was directed at the Social Democrats and also the Weimar government (Deutsches Reich 1919-1933), which had been accused of selling out the country. The Dolchstosslegende led many to look at "non-Germans" living in Germany for potential extra-national loyalties, like the Jews, raising anti-Semitic sentiments, regarding the Judenfrage (German for the "Jewish Question"), at a time when the völkisch movement and a desire to create a Greater Germany were strong.
Although Hitler had joined the worker's party in September 1919,
歷史背景
In terms of ideology, Nazism has come to stand for a belief in the superiority of an Aryan master race, an abstraction of the Germanic peoples. During the time of Hitler, the Nazis advocated a strong, centralized government under the Führer and claimed to be defending 德國 and the German people (including those of German ethnicity abroad) against communism and so-called Jewish subversion. Ultimately, the Nazis sought to create a largely homogenous and self-sufficient ethnic state, absorbing the ideas of Pan-Germanism and pairing them other abstract concepts, some related to social theory and even Nietzsche's Übermensch.
However, historians often disagree on the principle interests of the Nazi Party and whether Nazism can be considered a coherent ideology. The original National Socialists claimed that there would be no program that would bind them, and that they wanted to reject any established world view. Still, as Hitler played a major role in the development of the Nazi Party from its early stages and rose to become the movement's indisputable iconographic figurehead, much of what is thought to be "Nazism" is in line with Hitler's own political beliefs - the ideology and the man continue to remain largely interchangeable in the public eye. Some dispute whether Hitler's views relate directly to those surrounding the movement; the problem is furthered by the inability of various self-proclaimed Nazis and Nazi groups to decide on a universal ideology.
意識形態上的概論
In both popular thought and academic scholarship, Nazism is generally considered a form of 法西斯主義 - with "fascism" defined so as to include any of the authoritarian, 國家主義, 極權主義 movements that developed in Europe around the same time. The debate focuses mainly on comparisons of fascists movements in general with the Italian prototype, including the fascists in Germany. The idea mentioned above to reject all former ideas and ideologies like democracy, liberalism, and especially marxism (as in Nolte The philosophy that had seemed to be separating both fascisms was shown to be a result of happening in two different countries: since the king of Italy never died, unlike the Reichspräsident, the leader in Italy (Duce) was never able to gain the absolute power the leader in Germany (Führer) did, leading to Mussolini's fall. The academic challenge to separate all fascist movements has since the 80's and early 90's been ground for a new attempt to see even more similarities.
納粹主義與法西斯主義
Template:Political ideology entry points There was no 'complete', official theory of Nazism, anywhere. Among comments on the Nazi movement, those of its leader Adolf Hitler are thought to be very influential. He claimed in his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) that he first began to develop his views through observations he made while living in Vienna. He concluded that there was a racial, religious, and cultural hierarchy, and he placed "Aryans" at the top as the ultimate superior race, while Jews and "Gypsies" were people at the bottom. He vaguely examined and questioned the policies of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, where as a citizen by birth, Hitler lived during the Empire's last throes of life. He believed that its ethnic and linguistic diversity had weakened the Empire and helped to create dissension. Further, he saw democracy as a destabilizing force because it placed power in the hands of ethnic minorities who, he claimed, "weakened and destabilized" the Empire by dividing it against itself.
納粹的理論
The Nazi state was founded upon a racially defined "German people" and principally rejected the idea of being bound by the limits of nationalism; that was only a means for attempting unlimited supremacy. In that sense, its nationalism and hyper-nationalism was tolerated to reach a world-dominating Germanic-Aryan Volksgemeinschaft. This is a central concept of Mein Kampf, symbolized by the motto Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer (一個民族，一個國家，一個領袖). The Nazi relationship between the Volk and the state was called the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"), a late 19th or early 20th century neologism that defined a communal duty of citizens in service to the Reich (opposed to a simple "society"). The term "National Socialism", derives from this citizen-nation relationship, whereby the term socialism is invoked and is meant to be realized through the common duty of the individuals to the German people; all actions are to be in service of the Reich. In practice, the Nazis argued, their goal was to bring forth a nation-state as the locus and embodiment of the people's collective will, bound by the Volksgemeinschaft as both an ideal and an operating instrument. In comparison, non-national socialist ideologies oppose the idea of nations. For further information on national socialism and socialism, and Nazism and fascism, see Fascism and ideology.
國家主義與社會主義
Nazi rationale also invested heavily in the militarist belief that great nations grow from military power and maintained order, which in turn grow "naturally" from "rational, civilized cultures". The Nazi Party appealed to German nationalists and national pride, capitalizing on irredentist and revanchist sentiments as well as aversions to various aspects of modernist thinking (though at the same time embracing other modernist ideas, e.g. admiration for engine power). Many ethnic Germans were deeply committed to the goal of creating the Greater Germany (the old dream to include German-speaking Austria) and some felt that the use of military force was necessary to achieve it.
軍國主義
The Nazi racial philosophy wholly embraced Alfred Rosenberg's Aryan Invasion Theory, which traced Aryan peoples in ancient Iran invading the Indus Valley Civilization, and carrying with them great knowledge and science that had been preserved from the antediluvian world. This "antediluvian world" referred to Thule, the speculative pre-Flood/Ice Age origin of the Aryan race, and is often tied to ideas of Atlantis. Most of the leadership and the founders of the Nazi Party were made up of members of the "Thule-Gesellschaft (the Thule Society)", which romanticized the Aryan race through theology and ritual.
Hitler also claimed that a nation was the highest creation of a race, and great nations (literally large nations) were the creation of homogeneous populations of great races, working together. These nations developed cultures that naturally grew from races with "natural good health, and aggressive, intelligent, courageous traits". The weakest nations, Hitler said, were those of impure or mongrel races, because they had divided, quarrelling, and therefore weak cultures. Worst of all were seen to be the parasitic Untermensch (Subhumans), mainly Jews, but also Gypsies, homosexuals, the disabled and so called anti-socials, all of whom were considered lebensunwertes Leben ("Life-unworthy life") owing to their perceived deficiency and inferiority, as well as their wandering, nationless invasions ("the International Jew"). The persecution of homosexuals as part of the Holocaust has seen increasing scholarly attention since the 1990s.
According to Nazism, it is an obvious mistake to permit or encourage plurality within a nation. Fundamental to the Nazi goal was the unification of all German-speaking peoples, "unjustly" divided into different Nation States. Hitler claimed that nations that could not defend their territory did not deserve it. Slave races like the Slavic peoples he thought of as less worthy to exist than "leader races". In particular, if a master race should require room to live (Lebensraum), he thought such a race should have the right to displace the inferior indigenous races.
"Races without homelands", Hitler proclaimed, were "parasitic races", and the richer the members of a "parasitic race" were, the more "virulent" the parasitism was thought to be. A "master race" could therefore, according to the Nazi doctrine, easily strengthen itself by eliminating "parasitic races" from its homeland. This was the given rationalization for the Nazis' later oppression and elimination of Jews, Gypsies, Czechs, Poles, the mentally and physically handicapped, homosexuals and others not belonging to these groups or categories that were part of the Holocaust. The 武裝黨衛隊 and other German soldiers (including parts of the 德意志國防軍), as well as civilian paramilitary groups in occupied territories, were responsible for the deaths of an estimated eleven million men, women, and children in concentration camps, prisoner-of-war camps, labor camps, and death camps such as Auschwitz and Treblinka.
The belief in the need to purify the German race lead them to eugenics; this culminated in the involuntary euthanasia of disabled people and the compulsory sterilization of people with mental deficiencies or illnesses perceived as hereditary.
種族主義
Hitler extended his rationalizations into a religious doctrine, underpinned by his criticism of traditional Catholicism. In particular, and closely related to Positive Christianity, Hitler objected to Catholicism's ungrounded and international character - that is, it did not pertain to an exclusive race and national culture. At the same time, and somewhat contradictorily, the Nazis combined elements of Germany's Lutheran community tradition with its Northern European, organic pagan past. Elements of militarism found their way into Hitler's own theology, as he preached that his was a "true" or "master" religion, because it would "create mastery" and avoid comforting lies. Those who preached love and tolerance, "in contravention to the facts", were said to be "slave" or "false" religions. The man who recognized these "truths", Hitler continued, was said to be a "natural leader", and those who denied it were said to be "natural slaves". "Slaves" – especially intelligent ones, he claimed – were always attempting to hinder their masters by promoting false religious and political doctrines.
Anti-clericalism can also be interpreted as part of Nazi ideology, simply because the new Nazi hierarchy was not about to let itself be overode by the power that the Church traditionally held. In Austria, clerics had a powerful role in politics and ultimately responded to the Vatican. Although a few exceptions exist, Christian persecution was primarily limited to those who refused to accommodate the new regime and yield to its power. The Nazis often used the church to justify their stance and included many Christian symbols in the Third Reich (Steigmann–Gall). A particularly poignant exemplar is the seen in the life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer.
宗教
The ideological roots that became German National Socialism were based on numerous sources in European history, drawing especially from Romantic 19th century idealism, and from a biological reading of Friedrich Nietzsche's thoughts on "breeding upwards" toward the goal of an Übermensch (Superhuman). Hitler was an avid reader and received ideas that were later to influence Nazism from traceable publications, such as those of the Germanenorden (Germanic Order) or the Thule society. He also adopted many populist ideas such as limiting profits, abolishing rents and generously increasing social benefits - but only for Germans.
其它來源
Nazism as a doctrine is far from being homogeneous and can indeed be divided into various sub-ideologies. During the 20s and 30s, there were two dominant NSDAP factions. There were the followers of Otto Strasser, the so-called Strasserites and the followers of Adolf Hitler or what could be termed Hitlerites. The Strasserite faction eventually fell afoul of Hitler, when Otto Strasser was expelled from the party in 1930, and his attempt to create an oppositional 'left-block' in the form of the Black Front failed. The remainder of the faction, which was to be found mainly in the ranks of the SA, was purged in the Night of the Long Knives, which also saw the murder of Gregor Strasser, Otto's brother. After this point, the Hitlerite faction became dominant. In the post war era, Strasserism has enjoyed something of a revival with many neo-Nazi groups openly proclaiming themselves to be 'Strasserite'. Whether they genuinely eschew Hitlerism in favour of Strasserism, or whether they simply think that by distancing Nazism from Hitler they can somehow make the ideology more acceptable is a matter of intense debate however.
Hitler's theories were not only attractive to Germans: people in positions of wealth and power in other nations are said to have seen them as beneficial. Examples are 亨利.福特, founder of the , and Eugene Schueller, founder of L'Oréal. Nevertheless, the support for these theories was highest among the general population of Germany.
納粹主義與希特勒主義在海外的變化及影響
有些支持希特勒的同性戀者﹐特別是恩斯特·羅姆﹐was well known at the time and basis for satire and jokes. Although Hitler abhorred homosexuality, the SA and 黨衛隊 had not a significant, but still a surprisingly representative, number of homosexual members, which was generally ignored. Röhm was killed chiefly because he was perceived as a political threat, not for his sexuality.
同性戀者
The National Socialist Program
The rejection of democracy, and consequently abolishing political parties, labour unions, and free press.
Führerprinzip (Leader Principle) as a total belief in the leader (responsibility up the ranks, and authority down the ranks)
Extreme Nationalism
Anti-Bolshevism
Strong show of local culture
Social Darwinism (struggle of the nation)
Defense of Blood and Soil (German: "Blut und Boden" - represented by the red and black colors in the Nazi flag)
The Lebensraum policy of creation of more living space for Germans in the east
Racism and Eugenics:
Anti-Slavism
Anti-Semitism
The creation of a Herrenrasse (or Herrenvolk) (Master Race = by the Lebensborn (Fountain of Life; A department in the Third Reich)).
White Supremacism; more specifically, ranking of individuals according to their race and racial purity, with the Nordic race favoured the most
Limited freedom of religion (Point #24 in the 25 point plan). [1]
Rejection of the modern art movement and an embrace of classical art
Association with Fascism or Totalitarianism
納粹意識形態上的重要要素
Animal rights [2],[3]
Environmentalism [4], [5], [6], [7]
Kraft durch Freude The well-being of the working classes.
Public health [8] (Antismoking campaigns, asbestos restrictions, occupational health and safety standards)
Other new elements
According to Bertrand Russell, Nazism would come from a different tradition than that of either Liberalism or Marxism. Thus, to understand values of Nazism, it would be necessary to explore this connection, without trivializing the movement as it was in its peak years in the 1930s and dismissing it as little more than racism.
Anti-Semitism was shown to be a handy tool for Nazis to gain support, mainly due to the popular Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Hitler admired Wagner's widow and visited Bayreuth Festival regularly.
The idealization of tradition, folklore, classical thought, leadership (as exemplified by Frederick the Great), their rejection of the liberalism of the Weimar Republic, and calling the German state the "Third Reich" (which traces back to the medieval First Reich and the pre-Weimar Second Reich) has led many to regard the Nazis as reactionary.
納粹與浪漫主義
Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a philosophical undercurrent of Nazism that denotes the combination of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. The esoteric Thule Society and Germanenorden were secret societies that, while only a small part of the völkisch movement, led into the Nazi party.
Dietrich Eckart, a member of Thule, actually coached Hitler on his public speaking skills, and while Hitler has not been shown to have been a member of Thule, he received support from the group. Hitler later dedicated Mein Kampf to Eckart.
Heinrich Himmler showed a strong interest in such matters, although as Steigmann–Gall points out, Hitler and many of his key associates attended Christian services.
納粹與神秘主義
納粹主義和共產主義在一戰後於德國掘起成為兩個輕忽不得的權力競逐者，特別是隨著魏瑪共和越來越不穩定。納粹運動起源於一戰後不久對受布爾什維克影響而在德國引發的暴動的抵抗力量，俄國的1917年革命使得列寧主義版本的馬克斯主義受到極大鼓舞，並吸引許多社會主義者也採用革命理念，柏林的斯巴達克起義和1919年的巴伐利亞蘇聯共和國皆因由於此。自由軍團，一個組織鬆散的準軍事團體（基本上是由前一戰士兵組成的義勇軍），擊潰了這兩次起義且很多自由軍團的指揮，包括恩斯特·羅姆，後來成為了納粹黨的指揮。1922年墨索里尼在義大利取得大權後，納粹主義看似成為一種對抗共產主義的可行選項，特別是考量到墨索里尼在擊潰那些在一戰後以一系列罷工和佔據工廠動搖義大利的共產主義者和無政府主義者取得的成功。
許多歷史學家，如安恩·科修（Ian Kershaw）和喬群·費斯特（Joachim Fest），主張希特勒的納粹是德國境內眾多競逐反共產主義領導地位的的民族主義並越來越法西斯主義的團體中一個，並最終，整個德國。更進一步，他們堅持法西斯主義和它的德國次型，國家社會主義，能成功挑戰共產主義是因為它能同時作為防範布爾什維克主義的壁壘和吸引工人階級，特別是對下層社會越來越多的失業者和無法受雇者和越來越窮快失去地位的中產階級份子(被指責為流氓無產階級)，納粹使用的親工人言語吸引了那些不滿資本主義的人，他們在推行限制個人利潤、廢除土地租金和擴大社會福利（僅限德裔）的同時提供一種政治和經濟模式是去除了「蘇聯社會主義」對資本主義的危險成份，例如階級鬥爭、無產階級專政和工人控制生產手段等，因此，納粹主義在它的民粹主義、反共產主義和反資本主義等內容的幫助下，使它比傳統保守黨如DNVP更受歡迎。因為以上原因，特別是納粹主義和共產主義在它們大部份的存在期間互相爭鬥（經常是暴力的）的事實，納粹主義和共產主義常被視為是在政治光譜上相對的兩個極端，不過此觀點並非未受挑戰，一些政治理論家和經濟學家，主要是那些與奧地利學派有關者，主張納粹主義、蘇聯共產主義和其他極權意識形態之間有社會主義和集體主義的共通處。
納粹的言語、活動和意識形態的單純也使他的保守主義盟友低估了它的力量，和它的管理能力以及甚至做為一個政黨存在的能力。麥可·曼（Michael Mann）定義法西斯主義為「透過準軍事主義進行超越和淨化的國家中央極權主義」，其中「超越」意指所有階級皆會被廢棄以形成新的、一體的、純淨的人民。
與其他意識形態的競爭
許多歐洲極右翼政治家和政黨基於對共產主義的極度反感歡迎法西斯主義和納粹主義的上揚，他們認為，希特勒是西方文明也是資本主義對抗布爾什維克主義的救星。在1930年代末和1940年代，納粹受到西班牙長槍黨以及後來組成維琪法國的政治和軍事人物的支持，法國反布爾什維克主義志願軍團和其他反蘇聯戰鬥集群成立。
反共產主義者對法西斯主義和納粹主義的支持
国家社会主义（Nationaler Sozialismus）
希特勒
我的奮鬥
納粹德國
社會主義
